legalization

Funny Thing About the Way Trafficking is Presented in "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo" Novels

I’m traveling with family and have next to no time for blogging but I did want to make what I think is a critical point raised in the middle book of the Stig Larssen “Girl With the Dragon Tattoo” series of detective novels.

A major thread in the 2nd book, The Girl Who Played With Fire, involves sex-trafficking in Sweden.

Sex trafficking is the current bugaboo of sex-work abolitionists, both in America and abroad.

In America you hear, um, bullshit about how hundreds of thousands of women and children are trafficked into the country, against both their wills and their inclinations, for use as prostitutes. It’s bullshit because a) while there’s certainly international and intranational sex trafficking in America there’s no conspiracy large enough to conceal an extra million new enslaved people coming into the country every five years and b) there’s no evidence of such numbers either.

The problem seems to be that activists believe that unless the numbers are really, really, really big then nobody will care and nobody will do anything about it. And so they inflate their numbers.

In Larssen’s books, which are set in Sweden, everyone’s scandalized that as many as 400 (that’s four hundred total) humans might be trafficked into Sweden.

You know why I think that’s so cool?

Because 400 people trafficked against their will into any country, for any kind of work, really is a scandal.

Even one would be!

That American anti-trafficking activists feel they have to gin up the numbers is itself scandalous. That they might be right that no one would care if they used real numbers is also scandalous.

Of course I happen to think that, contrary to abolitionist activist hyperbole, ordinary voluntary sex work ought to be legal. I also happen to think that if it was legal then it would be a lot easier to identify and protect the much, much, much smaller number of people who really are illegally trafficked into the country, against their will, to perform sex work. Or any other kind of work.

The High Cost of Illegal Sales of Common Commodities

A rare, sort-of off-topic post for this blog: Kevin Drum of Mother Jones says of recently-spotted bumper stickers in California’s Humbolt-County pot-growing region that say “Keep Pot Illegal”

....Legalization could take many forms. But the conventional wisdom here is that fully legal weed might fetch no more than a few hundred dollars a pound, as more people grow it and police no longer pull up millions of plants a year. Illegal marijuana “is the government’s best agricultural price-support program ever,” said Gerald Myers, a retired engineer and former volunteer fire chief who moved to the county in 1970. “If they ever want to help the wheat farmers, make wheat illegal.”

Read the quote in context here.

A few hundred dollars a pound? Sorry but it takes more energy, skill, and effort to grow agriculturally-intensive corn and the spot price for that peaked at $7.88/bushel back in 2008 — about thirteen cents a pound.

Commodity price to tobacco growers is maybe a couple dollars a pound, even though retail-quality tobacco is also harder to grow than “retail-quality” pot. Even after intensive processing — which, sorry, pot doesn’t need — fancy imported pipe tobacco costs maybe $35 pound.

Highly-cultivated northern-latitude hot-house tomatoes and green peppers, which are probably most comparable in terms of cultivation technology, cost on the order of four to six dollars a pound.

Therefore its inconceivable that, absent the cost of risk, even highly-cultivated marijuana would cost more per bushel or bale than corn, tobacco, or tomatoes. Consequently I just don’t see the gazillion-dollar gross revenues, let alone tax revenues, materializing should the stuff be legalized.

That doesn’t mean I don’t think it should be legalized. Quite the opposite! The closer to commodity pricing you get, and the lower the profit margin, the less incentive to sell it to those who aren’t already interested.

Of course you’ll notice this sort of policy position isn’t that far off the beaten path for me: I think the same thing is true about roll-your-own porn (which appears to be just killing industrial porn) and destigmatization of “premarital” sex (which in the last 50 years appears to have decimated the traditional market for prostitution.)

The point being that as with opponents and proponents porn and prostitution the positions of both opponents and proponents of legalized pot are almost hopelessly entangled with the taboo/stigma-based status quo than with almost any realistic projections of what’s really going to happen when the cost closes in on zero.

New York Senate Passes Labor Bill of Rights for (Largely Migrant and Immigrant) Domestic Workers

Katherine Franke of Columbia University’s Gender & Sexuality Law Blog says of a recent report on New York State’s Domestic Workers Bill of Rights bill, which recently passed in the state Senate.

Frequently ignored in the debates about human trafficking is the vulnerability of the women (typically women of color and often immigrants with less than secure legal status) we pass every day on the street who are caring for other people’s children.  . . working conditions in many cases indistinguishable from those who the law would consider trafficked.  Because the labor of domestic workers is not primarily sexual in nature, their exploitation has been largely ignored . . . 2006 report: Home is where the work is: Inside New York’s Domestic Work Industry

Read the quote in context here.

Sure, it’s not as “sexy” as sex-trafficking and/or pimped prostitution, and since it’s about the way mostly affluent, mostly white people treat their servants and… um… slaves the issue is of no interest whatsoever to mostly white, mostly affluent conservative and neo-conservative “anti-trafficking” activists like Michael Horowitz, Laura Lederer or Donna M. Hughes. But any measure you care to waive about there are vastly fewer immigrant sex-workers than immigrant domestic workers (200,000 in New York City alone according to Domestic Workers United’s report “Home is Where the Work Is” (pdf). And by almost any measure you care to waive about there are more exploited, physically abused, and trafficked immigrant domestic workers than there are similarly trafficked sex workers.

Important: You’ll notice I’m not saying there are no trafficked or otherwise conscripted sex-workers in the U.S. Because, um, there are. Just that they’re only one segment of a much larger national scandal of abuse and exploitation.

Even more important: Gee, I wonder if the genteel obsession with “white slavery,” to the exclusion of everything else, has something to do with the generally socially very conservative and neoconservative nature of the activists involved? And gee, I wonder if there’s any conceivable correlation between the social-conservative and neoconservative indifference to non-sex slavery on the one hand, and their visceral antagonism towards the domestic, industrial, and agricultural unions who tend to champion the rights of exploited non-sexually trafficked? Nah, there’ couldn’t be a connection there.

And hmm… no way they’d object to harm reduction and/or legalization of sex workers (let alone undocumented immigrants in general) just because, say, SEIU or other service-related unions would almost certainly work towards organizing them. Right?

How New Laws in Arizona and Rhode Island Will Tend to Benefit Traffickers at the Expense of Their Victims

According to Lieutenant Raymond E. Foster, LAPD (ret.) of Criminal Justice Online

Florida Couple Charged in Forced Labor and Document Servitude Conspiracies

April 28, 2010WASHINGTON – Sophia Manuel and Alfonso Baldonado Jr. have been indicted by a federal grand jury on charges arising from a human trafficking scheme to hold Filipino nationals in forced labor in country clubs and hotels in Southeast Florida, the Justice Department announced.

According to the indictment, defendants Manuel, 41, and Baldonado, 46, owners of Quality Staffing Services Corporation of Boca Raton, Fla., conspired to obtain a cheap, compliant and readily available labor pool. The indictment details the defendants conspired to hold the workers in their continued service, for little or no pay, and housed them in substandard conditions without adequate food or drinking water.

The indictment alleges that the defendants used false promises to entice the Filipino nationals to incur debts to pay up-front recruitment fees; and then compelled the workers to remain in the defendants’ service, despite inadequate work or income to pay off the debts, using a scheme of threats to have the workers arrested and deported with no way to repay their debts, confiscation of the workers’ passports and rules and controls restricting the workers’ freedom of movement and communications with outsiders.

He said it here.

But wait, from the same website there’s more

Arlington, Texas Couple Convicted of Forced Labor and Other Crimes for Holding Nigerian Woman in Domestic Servitude

February 3, 2010 – WASHINGTON—A federal jury has convicted an Arlington, Texas husband and wife Emmanuel and Ngozi Nnaji of engaging in a nine-year scheme to compel the labor of a Nigerian victim as their domestic servant, the Justice Department announced today. The jury found the defendants guilty of conspiracy, forced labor, document servitude, alien harboring and false statements. Ngozi and Emmanuel Nnaji each face a maximum sentence of up to 55 years in prison.

According to the evidence at trial, Emmanuel Nnaji and Ngozi Nnaji enticed a widowed Nigerian mother of six to come to the United States to be their domestic servant by falsely promising a salary and support for her children, who she was struggling to support.

“Holding other human beings in servitude against their will is a violation of human rights that will not be tolerated in our free society,” stated Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division. “This prosecution demonstrates our commitment to combating human trafficking in all its forms, vindicating the rights of trafficking victims and bringing human traffickers to justice.”

He said it here.

But wait, there’s still more

Two Brothers Plead Guilty in Conspiracy to Hold Thai Workers in Forced Labor in Hawaii

Defendants Alec Sou and Mike Sou, co-owners of Aloun Farm, pleaded guilty on Jan.13, 2010, in federal district court in Honolulu, to conspiring to commit forced labor. The two defendants, who are brothers, each face up to five years in prison for their respective roles in a labor trafficking scheme that held Thai agricultural workers in service at Aloun Farm through a scheme of debts, threats, and restraint.

During their respective plea hearings, the defendants acknowledged that they conspired with one another and with others to hold 44 Thai men in forced labor on a farm operated by the defendants, using a scheme of physical restraint and threats of serious harm to intimidate the workers and hold them in fear of attempting to leave the defendants’ service.

“Holding other human beings in servitude against their will is a violation of individual rights that is intolerable in a free society,” stated Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division. “This prosecution demonstrates our commitment to combating human trafficking in all its forms, vindicating the rights of trafficking victims, and bringing human traffickers to justice.”

He said it here.

Now why, you might ask, would I be talking about all this domestic, agricultural, sexual, and labor servitude, a.k.a. human trafficking on a nice morning in May, 2010?

One big reason derives from a companion piece to the Dreams Die Hard documentary about trafficking and involuntary servitude in the United States from Free The Slaves. The companion piece is called the Dreams Die Hard Study Guide. In the section “What Happens to Slaves?” the following bullet point really stood out.

When they turn to officials, trafficking victims may get harsh treatment if the police officer or immigration staff regards the escaped victim as an illegal immigrant. Although some law enforcement officials have immediately rescued and protected people in slavery, there have been tragic situations where police simply failed to recognize slavery. Proper training is crucial.

Source: Pg. 3

It just made me wonder how much better off Arizona’s de facto slave owners are now that the state legislature has made it even more illegal to be an undocumented immigrant. And, given the gleeful promises of ever-more draconian enforcement by sadists like Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, how much further is this law going to shift the balance of power even further in the direction of those who already abuse trafficked people.

—-

Note: I was inspired to write this post by search results that showed up while I was trying to verify whether the authors of the website Citizens Against Trafficking were living up to their claim that they’re “a broad based coalition formed in 2009 to combat all forms of human trafficking.”

The short answer appears to be no: they instead appear to have been primarily opposed to prostitution, which they say is a hotbed of trafficking, and only in the state of Rhode Island. They were particularly opposed to a loophole in Rhode Island that made some forms of prostitution legal there.

The law has recently been amended, with much applause and support from the website’s authors: it’s now as illegal to be a sex-worker in Rhode Island as it is to be an illegal immigrant in Arizona. With what will turn out to be, I’m afraid, similar consequences for sex workers.

As I’ve mentioned relatively often I personally don’t care much for sex work in the current dominant paradigm since I believe, strongly, that it reinforces rather than relieves our expectations that all sex between men and women is ultimately transactional. And I strongly regret when people cross borders illegally. On the other hand I don’t think either sex work nor immigration ought to be illegal primarily because it increases rather than mitigates the underworld environments serious anti-traffickers are concerned puts victims most at risk — whether they’re “massage parlor” workers in Rhode Island, or “nannies” in Maryland, or “lettuce pickers” in Arizona.

Harriet Jacobs on Marginalization, Subsistence, and Denial in "Grey Area" Prostitution and Pimping Culture

Harriet Jacobs of Fugitivus again, this time on an extremely prickly subject I’ve discussed previously: the blurred boundary between subsistence and dependency at the real margins of society. In this case the difference between assistance and exploitation or… well… she puts it rather pithily (emphasis mine.)

I had a social worker friend who once described a conversation she’d had with a female client who was trying to get back on her feet. She had met a new guy that she was very excited about. Oh, sure, there were problems, but who doesn’t have problems? Anyway, he was so committed to her, so committed to working out everything. The woman brushed off the few times he’d encouraged her to have sex with his friends as times that they were all just sooooooo drunk, but it totally strengthened their relationship because they’re not even the jealous types. And, of course, there were all the times that she was just trying to “help him out” on a drug deal. And then those times that she had “cheated” when a friend of his came by and locked her in the bedroom. At the end of her description, the social worker had to try and explain that this woman didn’t have a relationship, or a boyfriend: she had a pimp.

She said it here.

You wouldn’t think this kind of denial could happen. It could.

What’s really harsh, by the way, is that since in circumstances like this the pimp “boyfriend” may be trading his partner for favors or status or cargo rather than cash he may not, strictly speaking, recognize that he’s being a pimp either. Although mostly I’m guessing he’s pretty clear about he’s doing he still might not think of it as pimping.

That would be another problem with stereotypes, especially for those living really marginal lives.

As I said in my own post a couple of years ago

speaking for myself, even though I was sometimes sleeping under overpasses, in cars, or “crashing” at other people’s apartments, and even though my diet was so meager I developed nutritional deficiency diseases, it wasn’t until the 1980s that I realized I’d been homeless. And it wasn’t till very recently that I realized the people we thought of at the time as “in some kind of hot water” probably qualified as trafficked or pimped. So I’m guessing the same is true for a lot of people still in those situations. And not because they’re not there but because there’s there’s so much overlap between the aspirations and difficulties of migration/transience, smuggling, and trafficking that sometimes it’s hard to tell even when you’re in it, let alone from the outside.

I said it here: Between Transience and Trafficking, a Personal Perspective

This isn’t by the way even remotely anything like an excuse. It’s a complication in any scheme to legalize prostitution, which I would still like to see. Or to keep it illegal, which many more people would evidently like to see. Which means, at least to me, that no matter how the pro/anti activism turns out this particular issue will probably need to be addressed by separate policy initiatives.

I don’t have much else to say about it. Except maybe that I think it could be distinguished pretty unambiguously in a page, or even a sidebar, in a comprehensive sex-education curriculum. And so if anyone’s listening I’d really like to lobby for its inclusion. Of course it would also be nice if we could count on students receiving comprehensive sex education in the first place…

I’ll just reiterate that I think Jacobs writes powerful stuff.

Incidentally she closes her post this way…

it’s impossible to ignore rape culture when it calls and makes an appointment, in a whisper and obviously hiding in a closet. When it arrives late on the bus, alone and lost. When it walks in the front door, comes over to your desk, and whispers on the verge of tears, “I need, um, I need, I need the thing.” It’s hard to ignore when it’s curled up in your lobby, unresponsive and unwilling to come back, to interact with you or any representative of the world. It’s hard to ignore when it’s made manifest in a real live girl, a real live girl who has been stripped of the right to disallow strangers access to everything from the waist down. I am acutely aware that many of these girls have been violated, and that I constitute a further violation; my presence announces to them that not only are they not allowed to choose when and with whom they have sex, but they are not allowed to choose how to deal with the consequences of being abused. All I did was pass a job interview, and I am temporarily LordGodKing of her uterus. All she did was own the uterus; why should she get to decide what to do with it? It’s not like she can type up the paperwork. She doesn’t even have a desk.

Again, she said it here.

Powerful stuff.

Misanthropy, Sociopathology, and Confusing the Personal and the Political

Sometimes it seems to me that if you announce to the world that you’re, say, a “self-admitted sociopath” or a misanthrope or a separatist, and you use the rhetoric of sociopathology or misanthropy or separatism to advance your causes of, say, sex-worker rights or recognition of women as human beings… that you’re going to encounter quite a bit of, um, resistance. Or resentment. Or misunderstanding. Or exclusion.

Which is fine. Sociopaths, misanthropes, and separatists expect and perhaps demand resistance, resentment, misunderstanding, or even exclusion. And so when they get it they’re happy. Indeed one gets the impression sometimes that when such individuals detect acceptance or adoption of their positions they flee extremeward… sometimes further than their own comfort zones… in order to re-establish the adversity their self-identity demands.

And that’s fine too. Just yesterday… somewhere on Twitter or a post or in a PDF or comments to someone else’s post or somewhere else… someone I wish I could identify raised the perfectly valid point that almost by definition change is not initiated by well-adjusted people. So thank goodness for misanthropes, sociopaths, and separatists!

The problem arises, I think, when one confuses rejection of one’s unpleasant or adversarial rhetoric or personality with rejection of one’s cause. Because after a certain point ones audience can begin to entertain the same confusion. With the result that in addition to closing their ears to one’s asshole behavior they close their ears to one’s perfectly legitimate cause.

Update: See also risk identified by Ezra Klein re: Sen. Inhofe as conservative id rather than crazy uncle.

"I Am a Sex Worker" PSA From Speak Up!

Found here and elsewhere.

From Audacia Ray’s “Speak Up! Media Skills for the Empowered Sex Worker” workshop.

It is not the case that all sex-workers are empowered. It is also not the case that this is either innate or unalterable.

I don’t know if we have to have sex workers, any more than I think we have to have image consultants or quantatative analysts. But since they’re here there’s no real benefit, and quite a lot of mischief, to encouraging them to keep shut just because folks want to Rorschach away about them as if they were random ink blots instead of human beings with own thoughts, words, and deeds. Not to mention personalities, hobbies, course-loads, pets, parents, reading habits, day jobs, and <coughcough>bacon<coughcough> dining preferences.

Alleged Craigslist/Hotel Killer Allegedly Arrested

Jessica Van Sack, O’Ryan Johnson and Edward Mason of The Boston Herald report that the so-called Craigslist killer who seemed to be preying on sex-workers, has been arrested.

A clean-cut Boston University medical student preparing to wed a blond beauty was charged last night as the notorious Craigslist killer, cops said, announcing a bombshell break in a case that has attracted national attention.

...

The Craigslist killer is believed to have preyed on women advertising erotic services on the popular Web site. Boston police say Markoff is responsible for the violent robbery of a Las Vegas hooker at the Westin Copley April 10, the brutal April 14 murder of masseuse Julissa Brisman, 26, of New York City, and Thursday’s attack on a lap-dancer in her room at the Holiday Inn Express in Warwick, R.I.

They said it here.

So late this morning I was trapped in front of cable television and some talking heads on Fox were discussing the case. One said the motive appeared to be robbery. Another asked why target sex workers? Another answered that there are the following considerations:

1) “Remember, sex work is illegal so [the robber] would know they’d probably be carrying cash.”

2) The robber appeared to be timing his attacks for late in the evening when, at least on average, the sex workers would have already seen multiple clients.

3) They’d probably have the cash on them because… something like… they can’t just go around making bank drops with all this unreported income.

And finally

4) He knew they couldn’t go to the cops.

I would add that if you were going to go that route you’d look for independent, non-escort-service, non-pimped sex workers. Booking agencies evidently take credit cards so I’m assuming escorts typically carry only tips. Pimps are allegedly a lot more attentive both about the customers they send their workers to and about collecting the cash.

So! We all just love keeping sex work illegal because, you know, prostitutes are victimized. And yet… and yet… as the talking head said, the only thing stopping the victims from taking cards themselves, from making frequent bank drops, from doing better vetting, from having more open presence with hotels is that the non-booked, non-pimped work they arrange through venues like Craigslist are illegal.

As I usually say, charming little system opponents have worked out for themselves: they help create the system of exploitation and then they click their tongues and shake their heads and say “told you so” when their system works.

%#_(*@!

Y'know, Being Murdered Doesn't *Have* To Be Part of the Job Description for Sex Workers

What Amber Rhea of Being Amber Rhea said

And you wonder why I’m so passionate about decriminalization of prostitution and destigmatization of all sex work? You wonder why I get such a stick up my ass about self-identified feminists who don’t support decrim? (Yes, there are plenty who don’t support it, and that fact absolutely boggles my mind.)

A sex worker who had advertised on Craigslist was murdered in Boston two days ago.

She said it here here.

The first reports to come out said the woman was a massage therapist doing outcalls to a local hotel. Which isn’t that uncommon for hotels, at least in resort towns and areas where licensed massage practitioners have an active presence. Often hotels have arrangements with massage therapists where they offer the service, the hotel books them, arranges the fees, often even automatically adding the fees to the guest’s bill. The hotel usually takes a cut… or, more accurately depending on the hotel, charges the customer extra. The hotel may also suggest an appropriate amount that the customer should tip their body worker.

And so it would be very unusual for a massage therapist to be attacked, let alone murdered, by a customer in a hotel. Not unheard of — it is a risk for LMTs who do either in- or out-call work. But in part because the work tends to be aboveboard the risks are pretty low.

Now it’s sounding more like the victim was a sex worker. Who may or may not have listed herself as a massage therapist. But sex work is illegal. And because hotels don’t book sex workers the way they book body workers, it sounds like the victim made her arrangements with her assailant independently. And because sex work is illegal her case is complicated because it would have been illegal for her, and her customer though less so, to record any details of her appointments. A fact her assailant must have known he (it’s almost certainly a he) could take advantage of. And did.

And in that respect he was just like every other predator who targets sex workers.

One bitter irony here, of course, is that because prostitution is illegal, sex workers who work with pimps are marginally safer than those who, as the victim appears to have been, work independently. The irony being that if sex work was like massage therapy, i.e. legal, there would be no need for secrecy or pimps to insure her safety.

Say what one will about sex work (and I’ll say I’m not crazy about the way it’s so often constructed as “paying her to leave” after sex), keeping it illegal exacts far more toll on those who do it than would legalizing it.

Drugs, Sex-work and Immigration: Actually *Not* Just the Economics

Late last week there was a list circulating in libertarian circles about illegal markets that would stimulate the economy if they were legalized. The items were… predictably libertarian: gambling, drugs, immigration, and the handful of sex-work tasks (gay prostitution in Nevada, prostitution everywhere else) that aren’t or aren’t yet legal. Matthew Yglesias says he might support some of the proposals but doesn’t think they’d have the effect economic-oriented advocates of legalization claim. (Emphasis his.)

With regard to things like drugs and prostitution, bringing some transactions that are already happening into the above-ground economy would certainly boost our GDP measurements. But these are transactions that are already happening. Shifting them from the illicit to the licit economy doesn’t actually change the fact that there are already people in America earning a living as prostitutes or pimps or drug dealers.

He said it here.

That sounds about right. In fact my instinct would be that given the extraordinary margin between the real cost of drug production and black-market prices, legalization would strongly contract their component of real GDP. (Ear nose and throat doctors pay $7/gram for cocaine; even eye-popping cannabis bud costs only dollars a pound to grow.) That’s actually a good thing: the biggest drug dealers on the planet are convenience-store clerks dispensing tobacco and alcohol but, surprisingly, none of them can afford Glock bullets let alone Glocks, few of them can afford car fresheners let alone cars, and as far as I know no child, anywhere, past maybe age 4 sees 7-11 clerks as glamorous, romantic, let alone emulatable role models. Drug-dealing themes are a major component of popular media. Convenience-store clerks have two movies Clerks and Clerks II. (But… but… even then the drug dealers in the two Clerks movies, Jay and Silent Bob have four movies about them!) But I digress…

I can’t be sure how much legalizing the rest of adult sex work would change the economics, but like Yglesias I think it would mostly shift numbers from the off-the-books ledger to on-the-books. Otherwise? On the one hand I’d imagine pimping would evaporate — legal bodyworkers like massage therapists and chiropractors somehow manage to stay healthy, wealthy and wise without them. And without the “opportunity cost” of arrest and jail time, not to mention the threats of unreportable rape, robbery, assault, murder, and police shakedowns sex workers could change when and how often such work was performed and therefore possibly what they would charge and/or what customers would be willing to pay. Again, though, it seems pointless to speculate without sounding like a bad case of Male Answer Syndrome.

But really, in the case of both drugs and sex work, my interest isn’t really in the direct economics at all but the potential for risk and harm reduction: if a drug habit cost only dollars a day instead of tens or hundreds the vast amounts of collateral losses of life, property, and security would be mitigated, and if a drug habit cost only dollars a day gangs would have very little incentive to have turf wars period let alone turf wars over schools and parks. Similarly if sex work was legitimized there would be diminished opportunities for pimps, serial killers, corrupt cops, and whatever fraction of customers are dishonest or violent to abuse sex workers. Oh yeah, and to put the two together, to the extent that pimps and traffickers actually do use addictive drugs to enthrall involuntary sex workers, the availability of legal drugs at dollars a day would undercut that little avenue as well.

And to touch briefly on the other mainstream libertarian issue, as researcher and author Laura Agustín says over and over international and national migrants often accept sex work when they might ordinarily not because a) social and economic opportunities at home are so bleak the work seems worth it compared to the alternative of staying home b) because they migrate without documentation they have few opportunities for other employment, also c) once they become illegal migrants they’re often at the mercy of the same pimps, criminal customers, corrupt cops, and twilight conditions that make life so perilous for illegal domestic sex workers.

My points being, then, that a) regardless of economic arguments drugs, sex work, and immigration are socially entangled and b) our decisions to keep them illegal keep increase that entanglement and keep the activities closeted in ways that obstruct use of social as opposed to law-enforcement policies.

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